Nano-sized robots manipulated with a magnetic field can help kill bacteria deep inside dentinal tubules and boost the success of root canal treatments, says a new study by researchers at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) and IISc-incubated startup, Theranautilus.
Root canal treatments are routinely carried out to treat tooth infections in millions of patients. The procedure involves removing the infected soft tissue inside the tooth called the pulp, and flushing the tooth with antibiotics or chemicals to kill bacteria that cause the infection.
Often times, the treatment fails to completely remove all the bacteria (especially antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as Enterococcus faecalis) which remain hidden inside microscopic canals in the tooth called dentinal tubules.
"The dentinal tubules are very small, and the bacteria reside deep in the tissue. Current techniques are not efficient enough to go all the way inside and kill the bacteria," explains Shanmukh Srinivas, Research Associate at Centre for Nano Science and Engineering (CeNSE), IISc, and co-founder of Theranautilus.
In the study published in Advanced Healthcare Materials, the researchers designed helical nanobots made of silicon dioxide coated with iron which can be controlled using a device that generates a low intensity magnetic field. These nanobots were then injected into extracted tooth samples and their movement was tracked with a microscope.
By tweaking the frequency of the magnetic field, the researchers were able to make the nanobots move at will and penetrate deep inside the dentinal tubules. "We have also established that we can retrieve them as they can be pulled back out of the patient's teeth," says Srinivas.
Crucially, the team was able to manipulate the magnetic field to make the surface of the nanobots generate heat, which can kill the bacteria nearby. "No other technology in the market can do this right now," says Debayan Dasgupta, Research Associate at CeNSE, and another co-founder of Theranautilus.
Previously, scientists used ultrasound or laser pulses to create shock waves in the fluid used to flush out bacteria and tissue debris in order to improve the efficiency of root canal treatment.
"But these pulses can only penetrate up to a distance of 800 micrometers, and their energy dissipates fast. The nanobots were able to penetrate much further - up to 2,000 micrometers. Using heat to kill the bacteria also provides a safer alternative to harsh chemicals or antibiotics," the researchers explain.
Theranautilus was spun out of several years of work on magnetically-controlled nanoparticles carried out in the lab of Ambarish Ghosh, Professor at CeNSE.
His group, along with collaborators, have previously shown that such nanoparticles can trap and move objects using light, swim through blood, inside living cells, and stick strongly to cancer cells. "These studies have shown that they are safe to use in biological tissues," says Dasgupta.
The team has tested the dental nanobots in mice models and found them to be safe and effective. They are also working on developing a new kind of medical device that can easily fit inside the mouth, and allow the dentist to inject and manipulate the nanobots inside the teeth during root canal treatment.
"We are very close to deploying this technology in a clinical setting, which was considered futuristic even three years ago," says Ghosh. "It is a joy to see how a simple scientific curiosity is shaping into a medical intervention that can impact millions of people in India alone."
