It is commonly believed that water on Mars evaporated about 3 billion years ago.
But two scientists studying data from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter found signs of liquid water on the Red Planet as recently as 2 billion to 2.5 billion years ago, meaning water flowed there about a billion years longer than previous estimates.
The findings, published in the journal AGU Advances, centre on the chloride salt deposits left behind as icy meltwater flowing across the landscape evaporated.
While the shape of certain valley networks hinted that water may have flowed on Mars recently, the salt deposits provide the first mineral evidence confirming the presence of liquid water.
The discovery raises new questions about how long microbial life could have survived on Mars, if it ever formed at all. On Earth, at least, where there is water, there is life.
Ellen Leask, post-doctoral researcher at Johns Hopkins University's Applied Physics Laboratory, along with professor Bethany Ehlmann from California Institute of Technology (Caltech), used data from the MRO instrument called the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) to map the chloride salts across the clay-rich highlands of Mars' southern hemisphere -- terrain pockmarked by impact craters.
These craters were one key to dating the salts: The fewer craters a terrain has, the younger it is. By counting the number of craters on an area of the surface, scientists can estimate its age.
MRO has two cameras that are perfect for this purpose. The Context Camera, with its black-and-white wide-angle lens, helps scientists map the extent of the chlorides.
To zoom in, scientists turn to the High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) colour camera, allowing them to see details as small as a Mars rover from space.
Using both cameras to create digital elevation maps, Leask and Ehlmann found that many of the salts were in depressions -- once home to shallow ponds -- on gently sloping volcanic plains.
The scientists also found winding, dry channels nearby -- former streams that once fed surface runoff (from the occasional melting of ice or permafrost) into these ponds. Crater counting and evidence of salts on top of volcanic terrain allowed them to date the deposits.
"What is amazing is that after more than a decade of providing high-resolution image, stereo, and infrared data, MRO has driven new discoveries about the nature and timing of these river-connected ancient salt ponds," said Ehlmann, CRISM's deputy principal investigator.
The salt minerals were first discovered 14 years ago by NASA's Mars Odyssey orbiter, which launched in 2001.
MRO, which has higher-resolution instruments than Odyssey, launched in 2005 and has been studying the salts, among many other features of Mars, ever since.
