Australian Supermountains, Himalayas key behind evolution of life on Earth, shows study

Giant mountain ranges at least as high as the Himalayas and stretching up to 8,000 kilometres across entire supercontinents played a crucial role in the evolution of early life on Earth, said a new study by researchers at The Australian National University (ANU).

The researchers tracked the formation of these supermountains throughout Earth's history using traces of zircon with low lutetium content -- a combination of mineral and rare earth element only found in the roots of high mountains where they form under intense pressure.

The study found that these supermountains only formed twice in Earth's history -- the first between 2,000 and 1,800 million years ago and the second between 650 and 500 million years ago. Both mountain ranges rose during periods of supercontinent formation.

Lead author, ANU PhD candidate Ziyi Zhu, said there are links between these two instances of supermountains and the two most important periods of evolution in Earth's history.

"There's nothing like these two supermountains today. It's not just their height - if you can imagine the 2,400 km long Himalayas repeated three or four times you get an idea of the scale," she said.

"We call the first example the Nuna Supermountain. It coincides with the likely appearance of eukaryotes, organisms that later gave rise to plants and animals.

"The second, known as the Transgondwanan Supermountain, coincides with the appearance of the first large animals 575 million years ago and the Cambrian explosion 45 million years later, when most animal groups appeared in the fossil record."

The research has been published in Earth and Planetary Science Letters. Its co-author Professor Jochen Brocks said: "What's stunning is the entire record of mountain building through time is so clear. It shows these two huge spikes: one is linked to the emergence of animals and the other to the emergence of complex big cells."

When the mountains eroded they provided essential nutrients like phosphorous and iron to the oceans, supercharging biological cycles and driving evolution to greater complexity.

Boosted oxygen levels

The supermountains may also have boosted oxygen levels in the atmosphere, needed for complex life to breathe. "The early Earth's atmosphere contained almost no oxygen. Atmospheric oxygen levels are thought to have increased in a series of steps, two of which coincide with the supermountains," Ms Zhu said.

"The increase in atmospheric oxygen associated with the erosion of the Trans-Gondwanan Supermountain is the largest in Earth's history and was an essential prerequisite for the appearance of animals."

There is no evidence of other supermountains forming at any stage between these two events, making them even more significant, co-author Professor Ian Campbell said.